The water treatment plant may vary at different locations, depending on the technology of the plant and the water it needs to process, but the basic principles are largely the same. This section describes standard water treatment plant.

Coagulation / Flocculation

During coagulation, alum and polymer is added to raw water. When mixed with the water, this causes the tiny particles of dirt in the water to stick together or coagulate. Next, groups of dirt particles stick together to form larger, heavier particles called flocs which are easier to remove by settling or filtration.

Sedimentation (settling)

As the water and the floc particles progress through the treatment process, they move into sedimentation basins where the water moves slowly, causing the heavy floc particles to settle to the bottom. Floc which collects on the bottom of the basin is called sludge, and is piped to drying lagoons. In Direct Filtration, the sedimentation step is not included, and the floc is removed by filtration only.

Filtration

Water flows through a filter designed to remove particles in the water. The filters are made of layers of sand and gravel, and in some cases, crushed anthracite. Filtration collects the suspended impurities in water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection. The filters are routinely cleaned by backwashing.

Disinfection

Water is disinfected before it enters the distribution system to ensure that any disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites are destroyed. Chlorine is used because it is a very effective disinfectant, and residual concentrations can be maintained to guard against possible biological contamination in the water distribution system.

Sludge Drying

Solids that are collected and settled out of the water by sedimentation and filtration are removed to drying lagoons.

Fluoridation

Water fluoridation is the treatment of community water supplies for the purpose of adjusting the concentration of the free fluoride ion to the optimum level sufficient to reduce dental caries. Hunter Water is required to fluoridate water in accordance with the NSW Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies Act 1957.

pH Correction

Lime is added to the filtered water to adjust the pH and stabilise the naturally soft water in order to minimise corrosion in the distribution system, and within customers’ plumbing.